Nursery Style

Serena & Lily is the colorful and sophisticated line of baby bedding and furniture beloved by celebrities such as Jennifer Garner and Debra Messing. In Nursery Style the talented designers behind the brand show expectant moms how to ditch the duckies, banish the bunnies, and create a nursery that reflects their personal style—without a Hollywood budget. Whether readers seek a traditional, modern, vintage, or eclectic look, each chapter shows parents how to implement those ideas through the use of color, fabrics, furniture, and accessories. Dozens of practical ideas for storage, comfort, and safety round out the book, making this the ultimate start-to-finish guide to decorating baby's room.

Available at Amazon.com.

Decorating Tips for Tough Economic Times

Sick of those saggy silk drapes? Does the trendy color you painted your walls last year now look so “last year”? Your décor leaves you uninspired, yet the current economy makes you hesitate to spend a bundle on a total redesign. The good news is you don’t need the skill – or budget – of a TV decorating diva to give your home a fresh new look. Small, inexpensive changes can make a dramatic difference.

Here are some ideas to transform your room for less than $100:

Lighten Up

The type and placement of lighting can completely change the look of a room and create different moods. Most of us stick with light fixtures that were in our homes when we bought them. Those aren’t always the most attractive or illuminating options.

Overhead lighting – the kind that comes installed in most new homes – can be great if you’re quilting, but might not set the mood for more relaxing moments. Supplement your overhead lighting with lamps strategically positioned around the room. Light cast from the side, rather than from above, will create a cozy, homey feel. Four $25 lamps purchased at a discount store can make your room feel like a million dollars.

Create with Color

Repainting in this season’s hot colors can give a room a contemporary, trendy look – even if you don’t update any of your furniture. Or, opt for more classic colors that will still be in style for years to come. Whatever color you choose, repainting is a powerful way to make a room feel fresh and new.

You don’t have to stop with simple painting. Many home improvement stores offer free classes on decorative painting techniques and the use of color. Total cost of doing a decorative sponge effect in your powder room? About $26 for a gallon of paint, and another $25 for sponges and paint trays.

Make it Better with Murals

Wallpapering an entire room is a big commitment, but you’re still not content with just repainting a room. You want something that’s going to make the décor pop – without busting your budget. Wallpaper murals are a great compromise. You can find images to match virtually any décor – from an underwater scene for a kid’s room to the view from the verandah of a Tuscan Villa for your kitchen.

Home improvement store Lowe’s carries a variety of these easy-to-install wallpaper murals by Environmental Graphics, for less than $100. You can find a style and size to fit in nearly any room. To find a Lowe’s near you visit www.lowes.com.

Accessorize your Bath

Americans tend to spend their at-home hours in the kitchen. But the next-most-used room is the bath. If walking into your bathroom feels like walking into a bad thrift store – nothing matches and toiletries everywhere – it may be time to spend a few dollars and take control.

It’s easy and not costly to replace mismatched accessories such as toothbrush holders, cups and lotion dispensers with ones in the same design. Major retailers and home specialty stores carry a wide array of patterns to appeal to virtually every taste. A full set can easily be bought for less than $100.

If you’re willing to be a “big spender,” you can also pick up shower curtains and window treatments to compliment your new all-matching accessories.

Go Green and Get Moving

Nothing says “home” like green plants. You don’t need a green thumb to green up your living space. Opt for low-maintenance live varieties like a philodendron or pothos. Or, if you just can’t keep plants alive, consider artificial. Many modern artificial plants duplicate the look of life so well only the aphids who try to eat them can tell the difference.

Place tall palms next to chairs and windows to bring the outdoors inside. Smaller plants are marvelous accents for tables, shelves and windowsills. And a hanging basket with cascading leaves will add drama to large entryways.

Finally, don’t think you need to replace your furniture to make it work in your new room décor. Sometimes simply moving it around is enough to create a new effect that will please you and work well in your room.

Courtesy of ARAcontent

Home Decorating Tips: Copy an Inspiration Room on a Budget

Raise your hand if you know what an inspiration room is. Anyone? While it sounds like a place to meditate or quietly think, it’s actually an attractively decorated room from a magazine, showroom, or even a friend’s home that you admire but don’t have the budget to afford yourself.

However, with a few easy tips, you can achieve a similar look without the hefty price tag. The trick, experts say, is to draw “inspiration” from these examples and emulate the look and style with more affordable furnishings and decorations.

“More people are wanting luxury in their homes, even if it’s just a touch of elegance,” says Joyce Richter, spokesperson for JELD-WEN Windows & Doors. “Not everyone can afford the opulence of a high-end inspiration room, but sometimes all it takes are a few key elements to make a room look like a million dollars.”

Windows and doors can be those special touches that make a home feel like a castle, according to Richter. An inspiration room with high-end windows and doors can be emulated with equally impressive, and budget friendly, options that look just as good. By choosing products that offer style and affordability, homeowners can come surprisingly close to matching the elegant look of an inspiration room.

Here are a few tips from the experts at JELD-WEN on essential elements when emulating an inspiration room:

1. Invest in dramatic differences.

Invest in items that will make a striking difference. For example, homeowners often take doors for granted, but they take up a large amount of space and can make a dramatic visual impact. The same with windows, which offer the dual benefit of great looks and enhanced performance (think energy efficiency).

2. Focus on details.

The shape of a lamp or picture frame is often what stands out in an inspiration room, not the material or price tag. Ask yourself what you like about the product’s detail, and then go searching for it.

3. Look for overlapping features.

Sometimes national manufacturers offer similar features in both their high-end and more affordable products, so do your homework to see if these benefits are available across the board. For example, JELD-WEN offers on many of its window lines simulated divided lites (SDL), or a grid system, that divides the window into smaller sections and creates an interesting look.

4. Focus on color.

Incorporating colorful items such as bedding, or a lampshade, are often enough to take an ordinary room to the level of an inspiration room.

5. Bargain shop.

One person’s trash is another person’s treasure. Scour online auction sites, or estate sales, for unwanted high-end items that offer the style and price you are looking for.

6. Remember, it doesn’t have to be exact.

Inspiration means infusing your style into the design, rather than exact replication. Trying to find the identical lamp or bedding from an inspiration room is highly unlikely. Most experts say get as close to the look and style as you can and then move on to the next item on your list.

For more information about JELD-WEN products, or to find a dealer near you, visit www.jeld-wen.com or call (800) 877-9482.

Courtesy of ARAcontent

Color is Key to Brightening a Winter Home

The cold months of winter can feel very long, as most people are forced to spend more time indoors. When animals hibernate and the colors of plant life fade, our moods and energy often fade as well. Short of taking a monthly vacation to a bright, tropical paradise, one way we can keep energy in our lives is with the creative use of color.

Winter is the perfect time to spruce up the interior of your home. There are simple, economical ways to add color to your interior spaces to improve your outlook during the winter and year round.

1) Paint the winter blues away.

One of the best ways to integrate color into a home without much cost is with the use of paint. Even if you think you don’t have the energy or talent to repaint an entire room, don’t worry. You can add splashes of color by painting just one wall a vibrant hue.

Take cues from Mother Nature to establish optimistic color schemes. For example, bright blues and warm shades of taupe are inspired by the ocean, reds and yellows can represent the brightness of a rising sun, and brown and green tones remind you of those first days of spring when buds begin to appear.

When deciding where to paint, it’s important to ask yourself, “What is the room’s strongest feature?” It might be a fireplace, a view, or even a favorite piece of artwork. The wall around that focal point is the wall you want to highlight! Bold colors work well on these walls because they tend to be broken by the window or fireplace, so the impact is eye-catching, not overwhelming. Also, there really isn’t that much area to paint, so the work isn’t too time-consuming.

Rollers are the DIY enthusiast’s best friend because they can save a lot of time and produce a professional-looking finish. When choosing a roller, make sure it holds an adequate amount of paint without a lot of shedding. For example, the new Wooster Avalon performs like a high-capacity knit while delivering a very low-shed finish like a woven. The special fibers provide a finish with at least 50 percent lower fiber shed count than other rollers on the market. Using a high-quality roller will speed the painting process so you can enjoy your colorful new room sooner, with less effort during the job.

2) If you miss the green, add some greenery.

Do you miss looking outside and seeing full trees and blooming flowers? If so, there’s no better way to brighten your home than to integrate some plants into the decor. Many people participate in some form of indoor gardening, whether having a full container garden, a simple herb garden, or a favorite green plant or two. Ivy, cactus, spider plants and bonsai are all good indoor plants.

If you prefer flowers, you have options as well. African violets are great indoor plants that produce small flowers in vivid shades of purple, pink or white. Geraniums are easy-to-grow annuals with pretty leaf shapes that will flower continuously if given adequate light. Finally, many bulbs work well in an indoor environment. Paper white narcissus flowers provide a strong scent to bring the smell of summer inside your home. Don’t feel like growing flowers? A trip to your local florist or grocery store can provide you with a bouquet that can be displayed anywhere in the house.

3) Accessorize with the feeling of the sun.

Adding accessories to your house’s decor that draw from the feeling of summer can really make a difference in revving up a home’s energy. New pillows can instantly transform an old sofa into something lively and new. A new piece of art with a nature scene can brighten a boring wall. Update family photos with favorite moments from the past year’s warm months. A fun beach picnic scene might be just the pick-me-up you’ll need on a cold winter morning. Finally, be sure to open your curtains and allow natural light to enter the house as much as you can during the daytime.

Brightening your home with the feeling of summer is easy when you utilize color. For more information about Wooster painting tools, visit www.woosterbrush.com.

Courtesy of ARAcontent

Hot Home Decorating and Color Trends for 2008

Are you ready to get a jump start on discovering 2008’s hottest decorating and paint color trends? Winter is an ideal time to start planning your interior decorating spruce ups. And one of the easiest, least expensive ways to give a room a new look and feel is with paint.

“The 2008 color forecast contains some extraordinarily vibrant, yet versatile, hues that have been inspired by everyday life,” says Donna Schroeder of Dutch Boy Paints. “The depth and range of this year’s most popular colors provide extensive options for adding accents to a room, changing themes and styles, or even completely redecorating from scratch.”

All of the colors in this year’s forecast can be found in the Trend Palette within Dutch Boy’s innovative Color Simplicity System. The five modern and stylish color themes found in the 2008 Trend Palette are as follows:

Culinary

Have you ever strolled past a bakery mesmerized by the brightly colored pastries adorned with intricate details? Food can have an emotional connection for many people, stimulating the senses, including sight. So, why not bring some of these culinary inspirations into your home decor with the Culinary palette?

Colors in the Culinary palette include: A La Carte, Gazpacho, Pink Chenna, Worn Avocado, Dining Alfresco, Phyllo, Sous Chef and Chopping Block.

Travel

Think distant lands and exotic destinations. The Travel palette takes its cue from faraway locales and memories of times past. Bring your own journeys home by displaying your travel treasures against richly colored walls.

Colors in the Travel palette include the following: African Sunset, Elephant Watch, Victoria Falls, Slouch Hat, Soukous, Cheetah Spots, Kwaito and Open Savannah.

Fashion

Whether it’s a favorite blouse, scarf or dress, find inspiration in your own fashionable favorites and dress your home in color. This year’s Fashion palette was influenced by saturated Art Nouveau colors and graphic Deco patterns.

Colors in the Fashion palette include the following: Roaring 20s, Gazette Gold, Champagne Punch, Nouveau Riche, Deco Detail, Floral Applique, Jade Brooch and Paris Metro Station.

Nature

The beauty and wonder that come from the natural world can be a great place to derive inspiration. By using colors and textures from the great outdoors, you can create your own scenic landscape in the comfort of your own living room.

Colors in the Nature palette include the following: Leafy Glimmer, Brown Noddy, Red Clover Blossom, Dark Forest, Hen House, Haven White, Purple Loosestrife and Patina Verdigris.

Art

Do you have a favorite piece of artwork? If you’re someone who appreciates the classics like Monet or Renoir, focus on adding more “lifelike” colors to the home -- like blues and neutrals. For a more contemporary look, embrace more unique, energetic colors for an abstract experience.

Colors in the Art palette include the following: Minimalist Cream, Picasso’s Blue Period, Skandi, Bartel Blue, Blue Tape, Impressionist Blue and Canvas Sky.

For more information about how to choose the perfect color, please visit www.dutchboy.com or call (800) 828-5669.

Courtesy of ARAcontent

The Art of Accent Colors

Certain colors innately evoke different memories, thoughts or moods, according to a study conducted by Miami University. If your home is laced with walls that are too white or overbearingly dark, details in your décor can change everything. By recognizing this, it is easy to brighten up or give any room a little extra personality with accent colors.

Barbara Schmidt, a nationally recognized interior style consultant whose work has appeared in “Architectural Digest,” “In Style,” “Elle Décor,” and “Metropolitan Home,” suggests when adding color to a room the use of pillows, throw blankets and, most importantly, art helps to brighten any space. “People are more and more sophisticated when it comes to color and decoration,” she says. “You can’t just hang up plain artwork anymore and have it look like it’s a finished room. You really need to look at your color scheme and bring complementary or blended colors into your framed art.”

The executive director of the Pantone Color Institute and founder of the Eiseman Center for Color, Leatrice Eiseman, agrees. “Specific colors have the ability to bring out excitement, happiness, relaxation and even aggression,” says Eiseman. “That is why the colors you use in your home are so important. They should represent your personality while creating an environment that inspires you.”

“There is a reason that when people see yellow they think happy. Green is automatically fresh, and red is romantic, hot or appetizing,” says Schmidt. “Depending on the colors you use, your room will have a different vibe.”

Consider these tips from Schmidt when adding color accents to any room.

* “Primary colors on a white wall can make a room look juvenile; subdued colors always end up looking more sophisticated and calm,” she says. “When having a piece professionally custom framed, remember that less contrast between the art and wall provides a more classic look.”

* “If you are dealing with a plain white or beige wall, consider matting all artwork using the same accent color. Even if the art isn’t related, a gallery is created through the matboard.”

* “Hang art in white lacquered frames with white matboard against a brightly colored wall. There will be a nice contrast while creating a cohesive focal point. For a bright color, kelly green is very trendy right now,” says Schmidt.

Schmidt reminds consumers to use professional custom framing to help art keep its integrity. “Guaranteed safe next to any piece of artwork, Crescent’s 100 percent cotton RagMat matboard makes the art larger, more colorful and adds a visual pop of color,” she says.

Lastly, Schmidt recommends custom framing for more than just artwork. “Taking any meaningful item to your professional custom framer can enhance not only that item, but bring new color and life into any room.”

For more information about professional custom framing, visit www.crescentcardboard.com or contact a professional custom framer in your area.

Courtesy of ARA Content

Warm Up to Winter with Fresh Colors in Home Decor

The hint of winter is in the air and late-autumn leaves blanket the ground. The holidays are on the way, lifting your spirits and also inspiring you to give your home a little seasonal lift. Updating rooms with color is a quick and easy way to embrace this time of year, and will put you in the mood to enjoy all the bounties the holiday season offers.

Begin your project by taking a look at what surrounds you. Note the colors you see in everything from the fashions at your favorite store to the cars whizzing past you on the street. Which colors appeal to you? Which make you feel calm? Which energize you? Which give you a cozy feeling that’s just right for the holidays? Let the wheels start turning and see which shades your inner designer is drawn to -- there’s no right or wrong answer.

Color inspiration comes from just about anywhere and everywhere, experts agree. The latest lifestyle collections from Sherwin-Williams, for example, reflect four travel themes that exhibit the power of color and the fun of allowing your imagination to run free. The destinations include: Around the World, Fork in the Road, No Place Like Home and Expand Your Horizons.

“No matter where you’re traveling to this winter, you can easily bring home the colors you experience by incorporating new hues into your living space in paint and other home accessories,” says Becky Ralich Spak, senior designer for Sherwin-Williams.

Fashion designer Cynthia Rowley, who partnered with Sherwin-Williams for her fall 2007 fashion show, lets her journeys guide her color selections. “I find inspiration in adventure, and these colors from Sherwin-Williams remind me of places I have traveled,” she says. “Colors such as Evening Shadow, Marquis Orange and Iron Ore remind me of the desert; Real Red, Cocoon and Liberty Blue bring me back to a New England road trip; and Aquarium and Frank Blue remind me of architecture in southern Spain and Morocco.”

Deep and dashing, bright and bold, many of the opulent shades that are perfect for winter decorating might seem a bit intimidating at first, but fear not; there are many ways to dive into the wonderful world of color. Consider the following approaches:

* Saturated browns impart a toasty vibe on a living room accent wall.

* Plum hues spark great energy in the foyer.

* Deep purples are both soothing and interesting in a powder room.

* Warm neutrals are a timeless update for all rooms and let vibrant accessories take center stage.

It’s easy to refresh your home with these and other hues, thanks to color selection tools such as the new, larger 3-inch by 5-inch paint swatches from the Sherwin-Williams Concepts in Color palette. These paint chips feature a perforated “window” opening that can be removed to see how coordinating colors will look together and work with the fabrics and accessories in your room. The company has also simplified color coordination by listing designer-recommended combinations on the back of each swatch.

And once you’ve narrowed down your favorite shade, it’s a breeze to experiment with your top choices before your final painting project begins. For example, an online color visualizer allows you to preview your color selections in a room, and the company’s Color to Go program allows you to purchase a quart-size paint sample for less than five dollars.

In the end, no matter which colors you select, just remember that paint is one of the simplest, most cost-effective ways to the change the atmosphere of a room, so “don’t be afraid to try new colors and patterns and to play with contrasts,” Rowley recommends. By following your instincts and personal fashion sense, both you and your home will feel warm and toasty this winter.

For more color inspiration, visit sherwin-williams.com or your neighborhood Sherwin-Williams store.

Courtesy of ARAcontent

Decorating Your Baby's Nursery

Get tips on how to cost effectively decorate your baby's nursery.

Color Trends 2008

Fashion runways have long been the inspirational source for home furnishings and decorating color choices. Debbie Zimmer, paint and color expert with The Rohm and Haas Paint Quality Institute shares 2008 trendy paint palettes.

“Consumers’ increasing color confidence and personal style makes any color fashionable for 2008”, Zimmer says. “From glass-like blues, botanical greens, dramatic black and white and whisper soft pink, color directions will drive towards individual self-expression, glamorous living experiences or an increasing awareness of important environmental causes.”

Zimmer’s Top Three Color Palette Choices for 2008:

“Go Green”
“Green may just become the newest “neutral” color.” Used as a subtle backdrop to reflect an enhanced eco-consciousness and social responsibility, green will be representative of the growing environmental movement. Mid-tone hues of fern, palm, pine and sage will be used on their own or coupled with clear blue or aqua to create a living space that conjures up a sense of outdoor-friendly living. Sandy tan and adobe brown can be intermingled to complete that earthy and eco-friendly feel.

While suitable for all areas of the home, these combinations are an especially good choice for bathrooms, kitchens and family living spaces.

“Sophisticated Elegance”
Gaining popularity in 2008, black and white paint hues will enhance opulent living spaces filled with accessories, lighting, mirrors and rich fabrics. Silver metallics and high sheen finishes along with rich textures benefit from the sophistication of this striking palette. Zimmer suggests, “For an unexpected color punch, add cause related hues such as dramatic red or maintain the room’s classic undertones with subtle pink or taupe.” Dramatic and sophisticated, black and white is becoming the backdrop of choice for glamorous spaces.

Master bedroom suites and living rooms are two of the spaces that can benefit from sophisticated elegance.

“Crewel Colors”
Many consumers continue to strive for simplicity in their technology-driven overloaded lifestyles and seek a return to a gentler way of life. The crewel color palette reflects consumers returning interest in crafts, home cooking and family focused activities. Like a rich and color filled needlepoint pattern, these hues add a soulful and personalized feel to any space. “Handcrafted items create a sense of stability and security and these warm, creamy rich colors will do the same in your space,” says Zimmer. Rich cranberry reds, warm browns, along with pumpkin orange help to create a nurturing and caring environment. Mix in deep-toned blue and the tapestry is complete.

Crewel colors remain an excellent choice for kitchen or dining areas and can be warming, like a knitted afghan, in family spaces.

“No matter which paint hue or palette attracts your individual attention, consumers continue to have an increased appreciation for paint quality and value. After all it’s a personal choice for a personal space—your home,” Zimmer says.

About Rohm and Haas Company
Leading the way since 1909, Rohm and Haas is a global pioneer in the creation and development of innovative technologies and solutions for the specialty materials industry. The company’s technologies are found in a wide range of industries including: Building and Construction, Electronics and Electronic Devices, Household Goods and Personal Care, Packaging and Paper, Transportation, Pharmaceutical and Medical, Water, Food and Food Related, and Industrial Process. Our innovative technologies and solutions help to improve life everyday, around the world. Based in Philadelphia, PA, the company generated annual sales of approximately $8.2 billion in 2006. Visit http://www.rohmhaas.com/ for more information. imagine the possibilities™

About The Rohm and Haas Paint Quality Institute
The Rohm and Haas Paint Quality Institute (sm), based in Spring House, Pa., was formed by the Rohm and Haas Company, a worldwide producer of specialty materials, in 1989 with a charter of independence and objectivity to educate painters everywhere on the advantages of using high quality paint, as well as to inspire them with information on innovative ways to use paint and decorating and color trends. Please be sure to visit the Paint Quality Institute Web site at http://www.paintquality.com/.

Source: PRWeb

Glass Etching

Glass Etching is stunning. Discorver how easy etching glass is in this AsktheDecorator.com video with host Meghan Carter, where you'll find step-by-step instructions on how to etch glass. These instructions work with both glass etching stencils and homemade glass etching patterns. You'll be amazed by how quickly you can produce beautiful results with glass etching.

Beach Theme Bathroom

A beach theme bathroom can look stunning if done correctly. AsktheDecorator.com host Meghan Carter shares tips for creating a relaxing, casual, beachy feel while preventing your beach bathroom or beach house theme bathroom from turning tacky.

Cabinet Hardware

Changing your cabinet hardware is a quick and easy way to makeover your bathroom or kitchen cabinets. Host Meghan Carter of AskTheDecorator.com demonstrates how to switchout your cabinet hardware and shares some tips to make your job even easier.

Architectural Concrete Design Firm Launches Standard Product Line

Denver, CO - March 7, 2007 -- Concrete habitat™, www.concretehabitat.com, an architectural concrete design firm headquartered in Denver, CO, announces the national launch of a standard product line. This line features concrete sinks, concrete fireplace components and concrete tables with natural finish steel bases.

Clean lines and simple style define this offering. Each piece is equally at home from Urban Contemporary to Mountain Rustic. Full product specification sheets and photography may be viewed online at www.concretehabitat.com. Whether a single bathroom remodel or a multi-unit condo project, discover concrete for your habitat.

"Concrete habitat™ has taken the best of our custom concrete design and made it available for immediate order." Scott Hild – Concrete habitat™ President and Founder

Concrete habitat™ is an architectural concrete design firm specializing in the production of concrete countertops, vanities, fireplace surrounds, sinks and tables for both the residential and commercial markets. Founded in 2002, Concrete habitat™ ships custom work and standard products throughout the country from offices in Denver, CO, and Spokane, WA. Corporate clients such as The Gap Stores, Hilton Hotels and John Hopkins University have all discovered concrete for their habitat.

Visit their site online or call (720) 374-2101.

Source: PRWeb

Decorating Switch Plates

Switch plates can add elegnce and style to a wallpapered room if you cover them with wallpaper. Meghan Carter of AskTheDecorator.com demonstrates how easy it is to cover your switch plates with wallpaper, making an eyesore into an attractive, decorative switch plate.

Cabinet Knobs

Cabinet knobs have a huge impact on the look and feel of your cabinets. Installing cabinet knobs is easy with this AsktheDecorator.com video. Host Meghan carter demonstrates how to position cabinet knobs and how to install cabinet knobs to add style and function to your cabinets.

Decorative Shelving

Decorative Shelving can be functional and beautiful. Meghan Carter of AskTheDecorator.com demonstrates how to mix storage and style, creating display shelving that also works as storage shelving. Usability has never looked better.

Stencils

Learning how to stencil cabinets, furniture and walls enables you beautifully personalize your home. AsktheDecorator.com host Meghan Carter takes you through the steps of how to add custom stencil patterns into your decorating scheme. Stenciling is simple with her tips. You'll easily produce professional results when using stencils in your home if you follow these directions.

Painting Kitchen Cabinets

Painting kitchen cabinets is an easy and inexpensive way to bring old cabinets back to life. AsktheDecorator.com host Meghan Carter shows you how to paint kitchen cabinets and offers a few inspirational decorating ideas for really dressing up your kitchen cabinets.

Plaid Wallpaper

Plaid wallpaper can produce stunning results when used correctly. AsktheDecorator.com host Meghan Carter will show you how to incorporate plaid wallpaper into your home to create elegant, casual and comfortable rooms. With her tips, plaid wallpaper can be a stunning addition to your decorating scheme.